ðåôåðàòû
Ãëàâíàÿ

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðåêëàìå

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèçèêå

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèëîñîôèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèíàíñàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî õèìèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî õîçÿéñòâåííîìó ïðàâó

Ðåôåðàòû ïî öèôðîâûì óñòðîéñòâàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîìó ïðàâó

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîìó ìîäåëèðîâàíèþ

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýòèêå

Ðåôåðàòû ïî þðèñïðóäåíöèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ÿçûêîâåäåíèþ

Ðåôåðàòû ïî þðèäè÷åñêèì íàóêàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî èñòîðèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî êîìïüþòåðíûì íàóêàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåäèöèíñêèì íàóêàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèíàíñîâûì íàóêàì

Ðåôåðàòû ïî óïðàâëåí÷åñêèì íàóêàì

Ïñèõîëîãèÿ è ïåäàãîãèêà

Ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâî

Áèîëîãèÿ è õèìèÿ

ßçûêîçíàíèå ôèëîëîãèÿ

Èçäàòåëüñêîå äåëî è ïîëèãðàôèÿ

Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðàåâåäåíèþ è ýòíîãðàôèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðåëèãèè è ìèôîëîãèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåäèöèíå

Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñåêñîëîãèè

Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíôîðìàòèêå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ

Êðàòêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ïðîèçâåäåíèé

Ðåôåðàò: Îðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ

Ðåôåðàò: Îðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ

Îãëàâëåíèå.

Ïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû. (Àëêàíû.).

Íîíàí.                                                                                                         2

Íåïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû (Àëêåíû. Àëêèíû).

Íîíåí-1.                                                                                                                                                              4

Íîíèí-1                                                                                                                                                              6

Ñïèðòû. Íîíèëîâûé ñïèðò. Íîíàíîë-1.                                                                                                                                                              8

Êàðáîíèëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ.

Àëüäåãèäû. Íîíàíàëü.                                                                                                                               10

Êåòîíû. Íîíàíîí.                                                                                                                                      12

Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû.                                                                                                                                   14


Ïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû (Àëêàíû)

Íîíàí.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9Í20

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ3


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíàíà èìååòñÿ 28 d -ñâÿçåé, d- ñâÿçè C-C è C-H ñ óãëàìè ìåæäó ñâÿçÿìè 109,5°.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

 ïðåäåëüíûõ óãëåâîäîðîäàõ àòîìû óãëåðîäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè sp3-Ããèáðèäèçàöèè è ñïîñîáíû îáðàçîâûâàòü 4 d -ñâÿçè êàæäûé

Èçîìåðèÿ:                                                                                                                                                 Ó íîíàíà ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñòðóêòóðíàÿ èçîìåðèÿ. Îáùåå ÷èñëî èçîìåðîâ íîíàíà- 35, íàïðèìåð:

  à)        CH3 

                       │                                  

CH3–C–CH2–CH2 CH2–CH3                                   á)       CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–CH2-CH3

                │                    │                                                                                                    │

              CH3        CH3                                                              CH2–CH2-CH3                                                    

        2,2,4òðèìåòèëãåêñàí.                                                   3ïðîïèëãåêñàí.

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

Íåôòü, ïðèðîäíûå è ïîïóòíûå íåôòÿíûå ãàçû.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1.Ðàçãîíêà íåôòè.

2.Ãèäðîãåíèçàöèÿ áóðûõ óãëåé (Áåðãèóñ).

3.Ñèíòåç èç îêèñè óãëåðîäà (Ô. Ôèøåð è Òðîïø)

4.Äåéñòâèå âîäû íà ìåòàëëîîðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ Li, Na, Mg, Zn:

C9H19Br + Mg --- C9H19MgBr

C9H19MgBr + H2O --- C9H20+MgBrOH

5.Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðè âûñîêîé òåìïåðàòóðå èîäèñòîâîäîðîäíîé êèñëîòîé ïðîèçâîäíûõ àëêàíîâ- ãàëîèä çàìåùåííûõ, ñïèðòîâ, êèñëîò:

          Cl

H3C-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3+2HI → H3C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2­-CH3+HC3+  +I2

6.Ãèäðèðîâàíèå íåïðåäåëüíûõ óãëåâîäîðîäîâ:

                                                                                                                            Ni, t

CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH=CH+H2 →CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3

7.Ðåàêöèÿ Âþðöà:

C4H9-I+2Na+I-C5H11 →C9H20

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíàí (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) - æèäêîñòü. Ò-ïëàâëåíèÿ -53,7°C; Ò-êèïåíèÿ +150,8°C. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ðàñòâîðèì â âîäå, õîðîøî ðàñòâîðèì â íåïîëÿðíûõ ðàñòâîðèòåëÿõ (áåíçîëå).

ßâëÿåòñÿ õîðîøèì ðàñòâîðèòåëåì.

Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

1.Îêèñëåíèå:

C9H20+14O2 →9CO2 +10H2O

2.Ðåàêöèÿ ðàäèêàëüíîãî ãàëîãåíèðîâàíèÿ:

                               nV  t°C

C9H19-H+Br2 → C9H19Br+HBr

à) Èíèöèèðîâàíèå öåïè

Br2 → Br-+Br-

á) Ðàçâèòèå öåïè

C9H19-H+Br- → C9H19-+HBr

C9H19-+Br2→C9H19Br+Br-

 â) Îáðûâ öåïè

C9H19-+ C9H19-→ C9H19-C9H19

C9H19-+Br-→ C9H19-Br

Br-+Br-→Br-Br

3. Ðàäèêàëüíîå íèòðîâàíèå. Ðåàêöèÿ Êîíîâàëîâà:

                                       t

C9H19-H+HNO3 (ðàçá.)→ C9H19-NO2+H2O                                                                                       

4.Ðåàêöèÿ  èçîìåðèçàöèè:                                                                    CH3

                                                                                                                      AlCl                                             │

CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 → CH3–CH2–CH2 –CH –CH2 –CH2 –CH2 – CH3

5.Êðåêèíã.

C9H20→C5H12+C4H8

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

Ïàðàôèíû öåííîå âûñîêîêàëîðèéíîå òîïëèâî. Æèäêèå óãëåâîäîðîäû, â ÷àñòíîñòè íîíàí, â êà÷åñòâå ãîðþ÷åãî ïðèìåíÿþò â äâèãàòåëÿõ âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ â àâòîìîáèëÿõ, ñàìîëåòàõ è äð.


Íåïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû. (Àëêåíû, Àëêèíû.)

Íîíåí-1.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9H18

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíåíà èìååòñÿ  27 d -ñâÿçåé è îäíà  π- ñâÿçü. 3 d -ñâÿçè ðàñïîëîæåíû â îäíîé ïëîñêîñòè ïîä óãëîì 120° äðóã ê äðóãó. Äâîéíàÿ ñâÿçü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì d è π -ñâÿçåé.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

sp2-Ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà, π-ñâÿçü îáðàçîâàíà p-ýëåêòðîíàìè ñîñåäíèõ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà.

Èçîìåðèÿ:

1)    Èçîìåðèÿ óãëåðîäíîãî ñêåëåòà 2) Èçîìåðèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ äâîéíîé ñâÿçè 3) Öèñ-òðàíñ èçîìåðèÿ

4) Ìåæêëàññîâàÿ èçîìåðèÿ ñ öèêëîàëêàíàìè.

à) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-C=CH2

                                                      │

                                                    CH3

             2ìåòèëîêòåí-1

á) CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

             íîíåí-3

â) C4H9             H                 C4H9                C3H7

                   C=C                                  C=C

      H              C3H7                        H                 H

        öèñ-íîíåí-4                      òðàíñ-íîíåí-4

ã) Öèêëîíîíàí.

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

Íåôòü.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1.Êðåêèíã àëêàíîâ:

C18H28→C9H18+C9H20

2. Ýëèìèíèðîâàíèå –îòùåïëåíèå äâóõ àòîìîâ èëè ãðóïï àòîìîâ îò ñîñåäíèõ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ìåæäó íèìè π- ñâÿçè.

à) Äåãèäðîãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè äåéñòâèè ñïèðòîâûõ ðàñòâîðîâ ùåëî÷åé íà ìîíîãàëîãåíèäû:

C7H15-CH-Br-CH3+KOH→CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2+KBr+H2O

á) Äåãèäðàòàöèÿ ñïèðòîâ (t>150°C):

C7H15-CH (OH)-CH3→CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2

â) Äåãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè íàãðåâàíèè äèãàëîãåíèäîâ, èìåþùèõ àòîìû ãàëîãåíà ó ñîñåäíèõ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà, ñ àêòèâíûìè ìåòàëëàìè:

C7H15-CHBr-CH2Br →C7H15-CH=CH2+MgBr2

ã) Äåãèäðèðîâàíèå àëêàíîâ ïðè t-500°C:

         Cr2O3

Ñ9H20→ C7H15-CH=CH2

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíåí (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) –æèäêîñòü. Íîíåí íå ðàñòâîðèì â âîäå, õîðîøî ðàñòâîðèì â îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ðàñòâîðèòåëÿõ.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Ðåàêöèè ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðîòåêàþò ïî ýëåêòðîôèëüíîìó ìåõàíèçìó.

1.Ãèäðîãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå:

C7H15-CH=CH2+HBr → C7H15-CHBr-CH3

2.Ãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå. Íîíåí îáåñöâå÷èâàþò áðîìíóþ âîäó:

C7H15-CH=CH2+Br2 →C7H15-CHBr-CH2Br (êà÷åñòâåííàÿ ðåàêöèÿ íà àëêåíû)

3.Ãèäðèðîâàíèå:    t,Ni

C7H15-CH=CH2+H2 →C7H15-CH2-CH3

4.Âîäà (â êèñëîé ñðåäå) è êèñëîòû ïðèñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ê äåêåíó ïî ïðàâèëó Ìàðêîâíèêîâà:

                                     H+

C7H15-CH=CH2+H2O →C7H15-CH-CH3

                                                     │

                                                   OH

C7H15-CH=CH2+H2SO4 →C7H15-CH-CH3                                                                                         

                                                        │

                                                      OSO3H

5.Îêèñëåíèå ïåðìàíãàíàòîì êàëèÿ â ñëàáîùåëî÷íîé ñðåäå ïðèâîäèò ê îáðàçîâàíèþ ãëèêîëåé (ðåàêöèÿ Âàãíåðà):

C7H15-CH=CH2+2KMnO4+4H2O → C7H15- CH- CH2+2KOH+2MnO2

                                                                          │       │

                                                                         OH OH

6.Ðåàêöèÿ ïîëèìåðèçàöèè:

n C7H15-CH=CH2 →(-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-)n

                                              │                │

                                             C7H15      C7H15

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

Àëêåíû, â ÷àñòíîñòè íîíåí, áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåé äîñòóïíîñòè (êðåêèíã íåôòè) è âûñîêîé è ðàçíîîáðàçíîé ðåàêöèîííîé ñïîñîáíîñòè ñëóæàò â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãëàâíûì ñûðüåâûì èñòî÷íèêîì (íàðÿäó ñ àðîìàòè÷åñêèìè óãëåâîäîðîäàìè è àöåòèëåíîì) äëÿ ìíîãîîáðàçíûõ îòðàñëåé îðãàíè÷åñêîé õèìè÷åñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.


Íîíèí-1.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9H16

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-C≡CH


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíèíà èìååòñÿ  24 d -ñâÿçè è 2  π- ñâÿçè. 2 d -ñâÿçè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ïî îäíîé ëèíèè ïîä óãëîì 180° äðóã ê äðóãó. Äâå π –ñâÿçè îáðàçîâàíû p-ýëåêòðîíàìè ñîñåäíèõ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà è ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ âî âçàèìíî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûõ ïëîñêîñòÿõ. Òðîéíàÿ ñâÿçü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì d è  2õ π -ñâÿçåé.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

Sp3-Ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà, Äâå π –ñâÿçè îáðàçîâàíû p-ýëåêòðîíàìè ñîñåäíèõ àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà è ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ âî âçàèìíî ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíûõ ïëîñêîñòÿõ.

Èçîìåðèÿ:

1) Èçîìåðèÿ óãëåðîäíîãî ñêåëåòà 2) Èçîìåðèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ òðîéíîé ñâÿçè 3) Ìåæêëàññîâàÿ èçîìåðèÿ ñ àëêàäèåíàìè.

à) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-C≡CH

                                                            │

                                                      CH3

             3ìåòèëîêòèí-1

á) CH3-CH2-C≡C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

             íîíèí-3

â) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-ÑH2-CH=CH-CH=CH2

             íîíàäèåí1,3           

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

Íåôòü.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1.Äåãèäðîãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå.

C5H11-CH2-CHBr2-C2H5+2KOH→C9H16+2KBr+2H2O

C5H11-CHBr-CHBr-C2H5+2KOH→ C9H16+2KBr+2H2O

2. Óäëèíåíèå öåïè.

C5H11-CH3-C≡CNa+Br-CH3→ C9H16+NaBr

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíèí (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) –æèäêîñòü. Íîíèí ïëîõî ðàñòâîðèì â âîäå, ëó÷øå - â îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ðàñòâîðèòåëÿõ.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

1.    Ðåàêöèè ýëåêòðîôèëüíîãî ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðîòåêàþò ìåäëåííåå, ÷åì äëÿ íîíåíà. Ïðîäóêòû îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðàâèëîì Ìàðêîâíèêîâà.

à) Ãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå. Íîíèí îáåñöâå÷èâàåò áðîìíóþ âîäó:

                                   Br2                                             Br2

C7H15-C≡CH → C7H15-CBr=CHBr→ C7H15-CBr2-CHBr2

á) Ãèäðîãàëîãåíèðîâàíèå:

                                 HCl                                          HCl

C7H15-C≡CH → C7H15-CCl=CH2 → C7H15-CCl2-CH3

â) Ãèäðàòàöèÿ (ðåàêöèÿ Êó÷åðîâà) ïðîòåêàåò â äâå ñòàäèè. Íà ïåðâîé ñòàäèè îáðàçóåòñÿ íåóñòîé÷èâûé íåïðåäåëüíûé ñïèðò, êîòîðûé çàòåì èçîìåðèçóåòñÿ â êåòîí.

                                                    Hg2+,H+

C7H15-C≡CH + Í2Î ―→ [C7H15-C(OH)=CH2] → C7H15-CÎ-CH3

2.    Ðåàêöèè îêèñëåíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ.

à) Îêèñëåíèå ïåðìàíãàíàòîì êàëèÿ ñ ðàñùåïëåíèåì òðîéíîé ñâÿçè è îáðàçîâàíèåì êàðáîíîâûõ êèñëîò:

C7H15-C≡CH + 3[O] + H2O → C7H15-COOH + H-COOH

á) Ãèäðèðîâàíèå ïðè íàãðåâàíèè ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè êàòàëèçàòîðàìè:

                                   Í2                                           Í2

C7H15-C≡CH → C7H15-CÍ=CH2 → C7H15-CÍ2-CH3

3.    Êà÷åñòâåííûå ðåàêöèè íà òðîéíóþ ñâÿçü – îáåñöâå÷èâàíèå áðîìíîé âîäû è ðàñòâîðà ïåðìàíãàíàòà êàëèÿ.

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

 îðãàíè÷åñêîì ñèíòåçå.


Ñïèðòû.

Íîíèëîâûé ñïèðò.

Íîíàíîë-1.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9H19OH

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2-OH


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü:

Ñ9H19→O←H

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíèëîâîãî ñïèðòà èìååòñÿ 29 d -ñâÿçåé, d- ñâÿçè C-C , C-H , C-O è O-H ñ óãëàìè ìåæäó ñâÿçÿìè 109,5°.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

 ñïèðòàõ àòîìû óãëåðîäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè sp3-ãèáðèäèçàöèè è ñïîñîáíû îáðàçîâûâàòü 4 d -ñâÿçè êàæäûé.

Èçîìåðèÿ:

1) Èçîìåðèÿ óãëåðîäíîãî ñêåëåòà 2) Èçîìåðèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ ãèäðîêñèëüíîé ãðóïïû 3) Ìåæêëàññîâàÿ èçîìåðèÿ ñ ïðîñòûìè ýôèðàìè.

à) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-OH

                                                   │       

                                             CH3                                                      

             3ìåòèëîêòàíîë-1

á) CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3         

                        |

                              OH

              íîíàíîë-3

â) C5H11-O-C4H9

   ïåíòèëáóòèëîâûé ýôèð

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

 âèäå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîåäèíåíèé.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1.Ãèäðàòàöèÿ àëêåíîâ:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2+H2O→CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3

                                                                                                                                                 │

                                                                                                                                               OH  

2. Ãèäðîëèç àëêèëãàëîãåíèäîâ ïîä äåéñòâèåì âîäíûõ ðàñòâîðîâ ùåëî÷åé.

C8H17-CH2Br+NaOH→C8H17-CH2-OH+NaBr

3. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êàðáîíèëüíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé. Ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèè àëüäåãèäîâ îáðàçóþòñÿ ïåðâè÷íûå ñïèðòû, à êåòîíîâ – âòîðè÷íûå:

à) C8H17-CH=O+2[H]→C8H17-CH2-OH

á) C7H15-CO-CH3+2[H]→C7H15-CH(OH)-CH3

4. Äåéñòâèå ðåàêòèâîâ Ãðèíüÿðà R-MgBr íà êàðáîíèëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ:

                                                                    H2O

H2CO+C8H17MgBr→ C8H17-CH2-O-MgBr→ C8H17-CH2-OH

                                                                                               -Mg (OH) Br

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíèëîâûé ñïèðò (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) –æèäêîñòü. Íîíèëîâûé ñïèðò õîðîøî ðàñòâîðèì â âîäå.

Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

1.Ðåàêöèè ñ ðàçðûâîì ñâÿçè O-H.

à) Ðåàêöèè ñî ùåëî÷íûìè ìåòàëëàìè:

2C9H19-OH+2K→2C9H19-OK+H2↑

á) Îáðàçîâàíèå ñëîæíûõ ýôèðîâ ïîä äåéñòâèåì ìèíåðàëüíûõ è îðãàíè÷åñêèõ êèñëîò:

                                                                 H+

CH3-CO-OH + H-O-C9H19→CH3-CO-O-C9H19+H2O

Àòîì âîäîðîäà îòùåïëÿåòñÿ îò ñïèðòà, à ãðóïïà OH -îò êèñëîòû.

â) Îêèñëåíèå ñïèðòîâ ïîä äåéñòâèåì ïåðìàíãàíàòà êàëèÿ. Ïåðâè÷íûå ñïèðòû îêèñëÿþòñÿ â àëüäåãèäû, êîòîðûå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ìîãóò îêèñëÿòüñÿ â êàðáîíîâûå êèñëîòû:

                                      [O]                               [O]

C8H17-CH­2-OH→C8H17-CH=O→C8H17-COOH

2.Ðåàêöèè ñ ðàçðûâîì ñâÿçè C-O.

à) Âíóòðèìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ äåãèäðàòàöèÿ ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì àëêåíîâ:

                                                                                                                            H2SO4

CH3–CÍ2– CÍ2-ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2-OH→CH3–CÍ2– CÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ=ÑÍ2+H2O

                                                                                                                             t>150°C

á) Ìåæìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ äåãèäðàòàöèÿ ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ïðîñòûõ ýôèðîâ:

                          H2SO4

2C9H19OH→C9H19-O-C9H19 + H2O

                           t<150°C

â) Ñëàáûå îñíîâíûå ñâîéñòâà ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â îáðàòèìûõ ðåàêöèÿõ ñ ãàëîãåíîâîäîðîäàìè:

C9H19OH + HBr→C8H17-CH2Br+H2O

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

Íîíàíîë ïðèìåíÿþò â âèäå óêñóñíîãî ýôèðà â êà÷åñòâå ðàñòâîðèòåëÿ, òàêæå èñïîëüçóþò â ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñèíòåçàõ.


Êàðáîíèëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ.

Àëüäåãèäû.

Íîíàíàëü.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9H18Î

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ=O


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü:

                ∩

C8H17→Ñ→O

                    ↑

             Í

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíàíàëÿ èìååòñÿ 28 d -ñâÿçåé, d- ñâÿçè C-C , C-H è C=O  ñ óãëàìè ìåæäó ñâÿçÿìè 109,5° è îäíà π –ñâÿçü Ñ═Î.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

 àëüäåãèäàõ àòîìû óãëåðîäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè sp3-ãèáðèäèçàöèè è ñïîñîáíû îáðàçîâûâàòü 4 d -ñâÿçè êàæäûé.

Èçîìåðèÿ:

1) Èçîìåðèÿ óãëåðîäíîãî ñêåëåòà 2) Ìåæêëàññîâàÿ èçîìåðèÿ ñ êåòîíàìè.

à) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH=O

                                                               │       

                                                         CH3                                                      

                       3ìåòèëîêòàíàëü

á) CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–Ñ–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-CH3

                                                                                                ││

                                                O

                         íîíàíîí4

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

 âèäå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîåäèíåíèé.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1. Îêèñëåíèå ïåðâè÷íûõ ñïèðòîâ:

C8H17-CH2-OH+CuO→ C8H17-ÑH=O+Cu+H2O

2. Ãèäðîëèç äèãàëîãåíàëêàíîâ:

C8H17-ÑHCl2+NaOH→ C8H17-ÑH=O+2NaCl+H2O

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíàíàëü (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) –ëåãêîêèïÿùàÿ æèäêîñòü. Íîíàíàëü õîðîøî ðàñòâîðèì â âîäå.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

1. Ðåàêöèè íóêëåîôèëüíîãî ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî äâîéíîé ñâÿçè C═O.  

                                                            KCN                   

à) Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + HCN ―→ C8H17-CH-CN

                                                                                           │

                                                           OH

á) Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ðåàêòèâà Ãðèíüÿðà ïðèâîäèò ê âòîðè÷íûì ñïèðòàì:

                                                             H2O 

Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + R’-MgBr → Ñ8Í17-CÍ-O-MgBr ———→ Ñ8Í17-CÍ-OH

                                                                                          │                           -Mg(OH)Br                         │

                                                            R’                                              R’

â) Ãèäðèðîâàíèå:

Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + Í2 → Ñ8Í17-CH2-ÎÍ

ã) Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ñïèðòîâ:

                                                   OH

                                                      H+                     │

Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + R’OH↔ Ñ8Í17-HC

                                                                                │

                                                   OR’

                                                      OR’

                                                          2H=                    │

Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + 2R’OH ↔ Ñ8Í17-HC

                                                                                    │

                                                      OR’

ä) Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ãèäðîñóëüôèòîâ:

                           O                              O

                                        ││                                           ││

C8H17-CH=O + :S-ONa→C8H17-CH-S-ONa

                                         │                                      │     ││

                         OH                     HO   O

2. Îêèñëåíèå:

à) Ðåàêöèÿ «ñåðåáðÿíîãî çåðêàëà»

Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → Ñ8Í17COONH4 + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3+H2O

á) Ñ8Í17-ÑÍ=O + 2Cu(OH)2.→ Ñ8Í17-COOÍ +Cu2O↓ + 2H2O

3. Ðåàêöèÿ ïîëèìåðèçàöèè:

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

Ñèíòåç ìíîãèõ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ.


Êåòîíû.

Íîíàíîí-1.

Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

C9H18Î

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìóëà:

CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–Ñ-CH3

                                                                                                                            ││

                                                              O


Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ôîðìóëà:

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü:

CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2→Ñ←CH3

                                                                                                ↓│

                                                                O

Âèä ñâÿçè:

 ìîëåêóëå íîíàíîíà èìååòñÿ 28 d -ñâÿçåé, d- ñâÿçè C-C , C-H è C=O  ñ óãëàìè ìåæäó ñâÿçÿìè 109,5° è îäíà π –ñâÿçü Ñ═Î.

Îáðàçîâàíèå ñâÿçåé:

 êåòîíàõ àòîìû óãëåðîäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè sp3-ãèáðèäèçàöèè è ñïîñîáíû îáðàçîâûâàòü 4 d -ñâÿçè êàæäûé.

Èçîìåðèÿ:

1) Èçîìåðèÿ óãëåðîäíîãî ñêåëåòà.2) Èçîìåðèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ êàðáîíèëüíîé ãðóïïû.3) Ìåæêëàññîâàÿ èçîìåðèÿ ñ àëüäåãèäàìè.

à) CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–Ñ–ÑÍ2-CH3

                                                                                                                    ││

                                                          O

                        íîíàíîí-3                                                        

á) CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-–ÑÍ2–Ñ–ÑÍ-CH3

                                                                            ││        │

                                                  O  ÑÍ3

                        2ìåòèëîêòàíîí

â) CH3–CÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2–ÑÍ2-ÑÍ=O

                            íîíàíàëü

Íàõîæäåíèå â ïðèðîäå:

 ñîñòàâå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîåäèíåíèé.

Ïîëó÷åíèå:

1.    Îêèñëåíèå âòîðè÷íûõ ñïèðòîâ:

C7H15-CH-CH3+[O]→ C7H15-CO-CH3

                   │

           OH

2.    Ãèäðàòàöèÿ àëêèíîâ:

                                          Hg2+, H+

C7H15-C≡CH + H2O―――→ [C7H15-C(OH)═CH2] → C7H15-CO-CH3

3.    Äåêàðáîêñèëèðîâàíèå êàëüöèåâûõ ñîëåé êàðáîíîâûõ êèñëîò:

                                           t

Ca(C9H19COO)2 →CaCO3 + C7H15-CO-CH3

4.    Ãèäðîëèç äèãàëîãåíàëêàíîâ:

C7H15-CBr2-CH3 + 2NaOH → C7H15-CO-CH3 + 2NaBr + H2O

Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

Íîíàíîí (â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ) –ëåãêîêèïÿùàÿ æèäêîñòü. Íîíàíîí ñ ïîâûøåíèåì ìîëåêóëÿðíîé ìàññû ðàñòâîðèìîñòü êåòîíîâ ïàäàåò, ïîýòîìó íîíàíîí ðàñòâîðÿåòñÿ íåìíîãî ìåäëåííåå.

Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà:

1. Ðåàêöèè íóêëåîôèëüíîãî ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî äâîéíîé ñâÿçè C═O. Íîíàíîí ìåíåå àêòèâåí, ÷åì íîíàíàëü:

                                                             CN

                                                                KCN                      │

à) C7H15-CO-CH3 + HCN ―→ C7H15-C-ÑÍ3

                                                                                               │

                                                             OH

á) Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ðåàêòèâà Ãðèíüÿðà ïðèâîäèò ê òðåòè÷íûì ñïèðòàì:

                                                            CH3                                       CH3

                                                                                            │                               H2O                             │

C7H15-CO-CH3 + R’-MgBr → C7H15-C-O-MgBr ———→ C7H15-C-OH

                                                                                            │                             -Mg(OH)Br                   │

                                                             R’                                           R’

â) Ãèäðèðîâàíèå ïðèâîäèò ê âòîðè÷íûì ñïèðòàì:

C7H15-CÎ-CH3 + Í2 → C7H15-CH-CH3

                                                                             │

                                                  ÎÍ

ã) Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå âîäû ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ãèäðàòíûõ ôîðì:

                                                         OH

                                                                                        │

C7H15-CÎ-CH 3 + H-OH ↔ C7H15-C-CH3

                                                                                        │

                                                         OH

2. Îêèñëåíèå:

Íîíàíîí îêèñëÿåòñÿ ãîðàçäî òðóäíåå, ÷åì íîíàíàëü, è ïðè æ¸ñòêèõ óñëîâèÿõ. Íå ðåàãèðóþò ñ [Ag(NH3)2]OH è Cu(OH)2.

Ïðèìåíåíèå:

Íîíàíîí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ïðîèçâîäñòâå ñèíòåòè÷åñêèõ âîëîêîí, à òàêæå ñëóæèò ñûðü¸ì äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ôàðìàöåâòè÷åñêèõ ïðåïàðàòîâ.


Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû.

Ñåðèÿ «Ñïðàâî÷íèêè «Äðîôû»». Å.À.Åð¸ìèíà. Â.Â.Åð¸ìèí. Í.Å.Êóçüìåíêî. «Õèìèÿ 8-11 êë.»

Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Äðîôà». Ìîñêâà 1996 ã.

À.È.Àðò¸ìåíêî. È.Â.Òèêóíîâà. Õèìèÿ 10-11 êë. «Îðãàíè÷åñêàÿ õèìèÿ».

Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ïðîñâåùåíèå». Ìîñêâà 1993 ã.


© 2012 Ðåôåðàòû, êóðñîâûå è äèïëîìíûå ðàáîòû.